![]() The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. ![]() Frank Baum wrote: "The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians." In an editorial about Native Americans and the American Indian Wars in 1890, author L. The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy being cited as a cause for state secession and the formation of the Confederate States of America. One such slave owner, future president Thomas Jefferson, wrote in 1785 that Blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind." In the antebellum South, four million slaves were denied freedom. Prior to the Civil War, many wealthy White-European Americans owned slaves they tried to justify their economic exploitation of Black people by creating a "scientific" theory of White superiority and Black inferiority. White supremacy was dominant in the United States both before and after the American Civil War, and it persisted for decades after the Reconstruction Era. White supremacy has ideological foundations that date back to 17th-century scientific racism, the predominant paradigm of human variation that helped shape international relations and racial policy from the latter part of the Age of Enlightenment until the late 20th century (marked by decolonization and the abolition of apartheid in South Africa in 1991, followed by that country's first multiracial elections in 1994). In academic usage, particularly in critical race theory or intersectionality, "white supremacy" can also refer to a social system in which white people enjoy structural advantages ( privilege) over other ethnic groups, on both a collective and individual level, despite formal legal equality. Different groups of white supremacists identify various racial, ethnic, religious, and other enemies, most commonly those of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Oceania, Asians, multiracial people, Middle Eastern people, Jews, Muslims, and LGBTQ+ people. ĭifferent forms of white supremacy have different conceptions of who is considered white (though the exemplar is generally light-skinned, blond-haired, and blue-eyed-traits most common in northern Europe, which are pseudoscientifically viewed as being part of an Aryan race), and not all white supremacist organizations agree on who is their greatest enemy. In recent years, websites such as Twitter, Reddit, and Stormfront, and the presidential campaign of Donald Trump, have contributed to an increased activity and interest in white supremacy. The Proud Boys, despite claiming non-association with white supremacy, have been described in academic contexts as being such. ![]() In the United States, white supremacy is primarily associated with the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), Aryan Nations, and the White American Resistance movement, all of which are also considered to be antisemitic. White supremacy underlies a spectrum of contemporary movements including white nationalism, white separatism, neo-Nazism, and the Christian Identity movement. This ideology is also today present among neo-Confederates. In the past, this ideology had been put into effect through socioeconomic and legal structures such as the Atlantic slave trade, Jim Crow laws in the United States, the White Australia policies from the 1890s to the mid-1970s, and apartheid in South Africa. Īs a political ideology, it imposes and maintains cultural, social, political, historical, and/or institutional domination by white people and non-white supporters. White supremacy has roots in the now-discredited doctrine of scientific racism and was a key justification for European colonialism. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any power and privilege held by white people. Learn how your comment data is processed.White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.
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